The
Palaung people number over one million, and most live in the mountains
of the north-western Shan State. However, large numbers also live in
towns throughout the Southern and Eastern Shan State. The customary
lands of the Palaung people have the richest ruby and sapphire mines in
the world, including the famous Mogok mine area which has been cut out
of Shan State and made a part of Sagaing Division by the Burman
dictatorship. There are also many kinds of minerals in the Palaung lands
including silver, zinc, gold and aluminium.
The Palaung are famous
in Burma for the high quality tea that is grown in their highland farms.
They also grow a variety of temperate climate fruit crops such as
apples, plums, avocados and pears, which are highly valued in the
lowland areas.
Unfortunately,
the Palaung people have not been able to live and tend their lands in
peace. for centuries they have suffered invasion of their territories by
Burman and other armies. First, the Burman kings tried to extend their
imperial reach into Palaung lands. Then came the British colonialists.
They in turn were followed by the Japanese imperialists, shortly after
world war II. The Chinese nationalist Kumintang moved into the lands of
the Palaung where the Burman army fought them.In 1962 the Burman army
staged a coup d'eta and formed the Burma Socialist Programmed Party.
After this the Burman army committed many injustices against the people,
and the Palaung people along with many other nationalities, took up
arms against them. Then the BSPP regime encouraged gun running armed
groups in the Shan State to become Ka Kwe Ye (people's militia ) to
fight for the government against the indigenous nationalities armies. In
1968 the Burma Communist Party (BCP), backed by the Chinese communists
also established bases in Palaung lands and fought against the Burmese.
In 1988 the dictatorship was formed and called itself the State Law and
Order Restoration Council (SLORC). One year later, the BCP collapsed
from internal problems and spilt into different ethnic armies. Some of
these immediately made cease-fires with the SLORC. In the Shan State the
independent non-communist indigenous armies opposing the dictatorship
found themselves facing all the troops the SLORC had deployed against
the communists and some of the ex-communist ethnic armies as well.
Facing the threat of annihilation the Pa-O army, some Kachin units based
in the Shan State and some Shan armed forces made deals with the SLORC.
The Palaung State Liberation Army (PSLA) was left surrounded by a very
large number of SLORC troops and had no choice must to sign a cease-fire
agreement also. The Chinese Shan warlord Khun Sa spread his soldiers
throughout the Shan State and forced many young Palaung to join his army
which was attacked by the Burmese and sometimes the Wa cease-fire
group.
Because
of the long years of fighting, some Palaung villagers fled to more
peaceful areas. Many become " internal refugees " trying to survive in
remote areas in the hills of Shan State. Some, due to the brutal
oppression of the Burmese armed forces and sometimes drug trafficking
groups, fled to take refuge in the northern Thai border areas. some
refugee settlements have been set up in Thailand for nearly 18 years.
Since opium king pin Khun Sa's surrender on 1st January 1996 to the
SLORC, many other Palaung villagers who had lived in areas under Khun
Sa's control and whose family members had been forced to join his army
have also fled to Thailand. Now there are around 3000 Palaung refugees
in Thailand.
THE NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS OF THE PALAUNG PEOPLE
Before
the British colonized Burma, the Palaung people were ruled by a
hereditary Saobwa, or Prince who had his capital at Nam San township.
For periods of their history, the Palaung were dominated by more
numerous Burmans and were forced to pay tribute. At other periods they
grew strong and achieved independence. The Palaung were enjoying a
period of independence, following a period of Burman rule, when the
British occupied the Shan State in 1886. During the colonial period and
period of Burma's democratic rule up to 1962, the Palaung had limited
autonomy, and it was not until the military coup by General Ne Win that a
serious political and armed movement began in Palaung State.
The
Palaung National Front was established by Sao Hso Lane on the 12th of
January, 1963, at the time when national leaders from different parts of
Shan State were being executed or imprisoned. The Palaung National
Front PNF, fielding 600 men merged with the Shan State Army SSA. Sao Hao
Lane later came to be the commander of the SSA, then president of the
Shan State Progressive Party.
In
1976, Mai Kwan Tong, one of the military commanders of the PNF who had
allied himself with the Kachin Independence Army KIA, set up a new
political and military structure. The Palaung State Liberation
Organization PSLO and its armed wing, the Palaung State Liberation Army
PSLA was established on 12 February 1976. The 1000 strong army based
itself in the Palaung heartland in the mountains between Namkham, Lashio
and Maymyo. The PSLA fought many battles with the Burman army under the
leadership of first Mai Kwan Tong, then Mai Than Lwin, Mai Aung Khaing,
and finally Mai Kyaw Hla. In October 1986, closely allied under the
National Democraties Front NDF banner with the KIA, and SSA, it was
renamed the Palaung State Liberation Party under the chairmanship of Mai
Aik Mong.
On
the 27th of April 1991, a sad day for the Palaung people, without no
choice and the PSLP/PSLA made a military cease-fire agreement with the
SLORC regime.
However,
some members of the party, dissatisfied with the SLORC's refusal to
make an acceptable political settlement, then formed the Palaung State
Liberation Front. The PSLF was established in Manerplaw in 1992 under
the leadership of Chairman Mai Tin Maung. After the assassination of Mai
Tin Maung in 1994 the PSLF elected Mai Joke Jar as the new chairman and
Mai Aikphone General Secretary.
THE AIMS OF THE PALAUNG STATE LIBERATION FRONT (PSLF)
To
topple the unique-party dictatorship and super-nationalism. To
cease-fire nation wide and build the real of national unity and peace.
To gain fundamental human rights and democratic rights according to
international standards for all the palaung people. To establish a
national state with the rights to self-determination for the palaung
people. To establish a genuine federal union of burma comprised of the
Palaung national state having equal standard of the rights to
self-determination and anti-drug narcotic.
Before Palaung State Liberation Army cease-fire with the SLORC/SPDC
In
1990, the SLORC put pressure on the Palaug people to force the PSLA to
negotiate with them. First, they cut of communications between the PSLA
and the Palaung villagers. They forcibly relocated villages around Nam
San and Man Tong into relocation sites. In the Nam San area, they moved
about 25 villages to the village of Aram, Nam Lang, Hu Mang and Pang
Saree which had a SLORC military base, and which is about 4-5 miles from
Nam San Toungship. In the Man Tong area, they moved about 20 villages
to the village of Ho Ko, Kjay Kour and in side Man Tong city which is
only 2 miles from Man Tong township, which had a SLORC military base.
Villages in Man Kham, Man Wee, Kot Kai and Nam Partka townships forced
to moved in to the cities. They were relocated at the time when tea
leaves were being harvested, the main cash crop of the Palaung, so the
villagers could not harvest tea, and they had nothing to illness and
malnutrition. It was mostly old people, mothers and pregnant women who
died.
Several
months after the relocation, villagers were allowed back to their tea
plantations, but only if they had written permission. They were
forbidden to take any rice with them to eat when they went to work, in
case they gave it any to the Palaung soldiers. Most of the tea was no
longer able to be picked by the time the villagers were able to return
to their plantations. The villagers could only collect a small amount of
tea, but they were forced to give half of it to the SLORC soldiers, who
sold it to Chinese traders.
Because
the local people could no longer get any income from their tea, they
suffered great difficulties. They therefore begged the PSLA to negotiate
with the SLORC. The PSLA felt that they had to heed the wishes of the
people, and they feared that the situation of the villagers would get
worse, so they agreed to negotiate with the SLORC. They reached a
cease-fire agreement in 1991.After the cease-fire agreement, the
relocated villagers were allowed to return home.
Conditions after the cease –fire
After
the Palaung villagers were allowed to return home in 1991, they could
return to tend their tea-plantations. The situation for the villagers
was more stable, since the SLORC stopped collecting porters, and no
longer raided the villages searching for the Palaung soldiers. They were
able to set up more permanent tea-factories. However, they had to pay a
lot of taxes to the SLORC. For example, they had to pay a tax to set up
the factory; also tax on the amount of tea they purchased; tax on the
tea they transported; tax on the Amount of firewood used; tax on the
amount of dried tea produced. The total cost of the taxes amounted to
about 70% of the total income earned from the tea.
Thus
the SLORC have managed to make a lot of money from the Palling
villagers follow the cease-fire. There have been no major benefits for
the Palaung people following the cease-fire. The SLORC has not initiated
any development projects in the area. Only the PSLA has carried out any
development for the Palaung villagers.
Development situation
After
the cease-fire agreement, the SLORC called the PSLA-controlled area
"Special Region 7." the SLORC agreed to develop this area, but they did
not in fact do anything. All of the development in the Palaung area has
been done by the PSLA and the Palaung people them- selves. The car roads
have been built by the villagers, who brought their own food to eat
when working. Now, there are roads to most of the villages in the
Palaung area. They have also created their own hydro-electric plants.
The
SLORC agreed to pay 3 million kyat for the development of the Palaung
area, but they have not spent anything up till now. However, one of the
PSLP leaders said" If the SLORC can not develop our area, we have to
develop it ourselves, as it is our area. In the future, every village
must have a road and electricity for their survival. This is what we can
do to develop our area. The SLORC does not develop the border areas in
the same way as Central Burma. Even though we have joined with the
SLORC, they are not clearly contributing to our development. They have
only given the opportunity to people to carry out their personal
business, to distract them from politics."
Education situation
After
the 1991 cease-fire, the SLORC have allowed the PSLA to set up a Health
Committee and an Education Committee to improve the health and
education Conditions in the Palaung area. The Education Committee has
organized the setting up of primary schools in every village in the PSLA
controlled area. The teachers are chosen from each village. The
villagers provide the salary and food of the teachers. The children who
have completed 4th standard in the villages to go beyond 4th standard,
and have sent teachers to some villages for this purpose. Some of the
teachers are government teachers is not sufficient, so the villagers
have to help support them with housing and food. To cope with the
problem of poor students who need to further their schooling in the
towns, the Education Committee has built boarding hostels in Sipaw, Nam
San and Man Tong.
Health situation
The
health situation is very bad in the Palaung area. Most of the villages
have no health centre. Only the big villages with populations of over
200 houses have health centre. Where there are no health centre, the
villagers have to rely on traditional medics, or people with some health
knowledge. If anyone is very sick, they must be sent to the hospital in
the closest town, but since owing to difficulties in transport,
patients commonly die on the way.
Following
the cease-fire, the PSLA Health Committee has been trying to address
the health problems by training basic medics and midwives from each
village. They are hoping to try and arrange for clinics, or at least
health centers in each village in the future.
Business situation
PSLA
and cease-fire with the SLORC, the PSLA were allowed to conduct some
Logging business, and were allowed to buy Chines goods to trade in
Burma. General San Pwint gave them a permit to do this. However, in
1996, this permit was revoked. This caused many financial problems for
the PSLA. One PSLA leader continued to try and trade Chinese goods after
the permit was revoked .He brought 10 Chinese mechanized tractors
filled with Chinese goods to Mandalay, but was arrested there, together
with his vehicles and goods. He was later freed, but all the goods were
confiscated. The PSLA is still allowed to operate some tea-factories and
some whiskey-distilleries in their area, but they have to pay taxes to
the SPDC.
SLORC support for the PSLA
After
the cease-fire agreement, the SLORC provided 900 sacks of rice and
200,000 kyats a month to the PSLA to support their army. However, in
1998,this assistance has been reduced and is not given every month. PSLA
spokesman said; "In the future, they will probably not help us anymore,
because everything is getting more expensive, including rice, and the
Situation to the regime is not good.
In
April 1998, the SPDC gave the order forbidding anyone in Central Burma
to transport rice to sell in Northern Shan State. This immediately
caused everything to become much more expensive in Nam San. Rice is now
6,500 kyats per small sack, and will probably go up to 8,500 Kats a sack
this week. Before, it was about 4,800 Kats per sack. The villagers are
now getting worried that the SPDC will put pressure on them again like
before the cease-fire, to make the PSLA surrender."
PSLF Information Center
(More information please contact to Tel: 09- 8516218)
ဟံသာဝတီက်ဆံုးျပီးမြန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရး
